A first-principles investigation on mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides under pressure

The titanium carbides are potential candidates to achieve both high hardness and refractory property. We carried out a structural search for titanium carbides at three pressures of 0 GPa, 30 GPa and 50 GPa. A phase diagram of the Ti-C system at 0 K was obtained by elucidating formation enthalpies as a function of compositions, and their mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides were investigated systematically. We also discussed the relation of titanium concentration to the both mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides. It has been found that the average valence electron density and tractility improved at higher concentrations of titanium, while the degree of covalent bonding directionality decreased. To this effect, the hardness of titanium carbide decreases as the content of titanium increases. Our results indicated that the titanium content significantly affected the metallic properties of the Ti-C system.     

基于广义逆矩阵理论的杆系结构形态创构方法#br#

广义逆矩阵理论被广泛应用于不稳定结构的形态分析。不稳定结构在荷载作用下，其形状会发生变化直至其势能达到最低，此时的结构处于无弯矩的平衡状态。根据该原理并结合广义逆矩阵理论提出一种适用于杆系结构的形态创构方法。该方法将杆系模型中杆单元进行分组，在每一组中杆单元总长度不变的条件下，建立控制结构形状变化的移形方程。利用广义逆矩阵理论和势能梯度确定使模型势能下降最快的方向，并逐步调整节点位置直至势能达到最低。临时单元和单元组的引入使得该方法可以应用于多种形式结构的形态创构，合理地设置单元组和临时单元可以实现单元长度与单元内力的重新分配进而实现诸多功能。算例分析说明该方法的特性并验证其有效性。     

55SiCr弹簧钢中的残留奥氏体与碳化物

通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热膨胀仪、洛氏硬度计等手段研究了弹簧钢55SiCr的组织和相变点以及残留奥氏体和碳化物在热处理过程中的组织演变。结果表明:55SiCr弹簧钢淬火后残留奥氏体以块状分布在基体上;随回火温度的升高,残留奥氏体减少并呈粒状和薄膜状分布;C在残留奥氏体中富集,使其稳定性增强;Si抑制了碳化物的析出,提高了残留奥氏体的稳定性。低温回火时,Si延缓了渗碳体析出;高温回火时,C原子扩散速率提高,促进渗碳体析出,引起体积的收缩。慢速加热回火时,C有足够的时间扩散,从而促进渗碳体的形成,使渗碳体的形成温度提前;快速加热回火时,C来不及扩散,抑制了渗碳体的析出。回火加热速率一样时,试验钢的硬度随回火温度的提高而下降。当回火温度为400 ℃时,硬度值最大为51 HRC;当回火温度为650 ℃时,硬度值最小为37 HRC。当加热速率为0.1 ℃/s时,硬度值最小为33 HRC;当加热速率为200 ℃/s时,硬度值最大为40 HRC。     

回火工艺对1Cr17Ni2不锈钢锻后回火硬度的影响

采用正交试验等研究了回火温度、回火时间、回火次数及冷却方式对1Cr17Ni2不锈钢锻后回火硬度的影响。结果表明,本试验中在回火温度630~730 ℃,回火时间120~360 min,回火1~3次以及冷却方式分别为空冷、堆冷、砂冷的条件下,对1Cr17Ni2钢锻后回火硬度影响因素的主次排序为:回火次数＞回火温度＞回火时间＞冷却方式,其中随着回火次数增加,硬度逐步下降,其余参数在试验参数范围内与硬度无明显正相关关系。在保温时间为240 min时,将回火温度升高至720 ℃,或在680 ℃下,将保温时间延长至720 min,进行一次回火,回火后空冷,硬度均高于3.5 HBS。在加热温度为680 ℃、回火时间为180~210 min,回火后空冷,回火3次可将硬度降低至3.6 HBS以下。     

激光淬火对高速动车组EA4T车轴钢组织和性能的影响

为提高EA4T车轴钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能,采用激光淬火对调质态车轴进行表面改性。利用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、纳米压痕仪等对激光淬火层的微观组织、相变层深度和硬度进行了详细的表征。结果表明:EA4T车轴钢表面经过不同工艺激光淬火后,相变层内的淬火组织主要由细小的板条马氏体和粒状贝氏体组成,其深度根据工艺不同从100 μm到800 μm不等,并呈现随淬火功率的增加和扫描速度减小,相变层深度逐渐增加的趋势。淬火相变层区域内,车轴钢的显微硬度基本保持在450 HV0.2左右,约为基体硬度的2倍,耐磨性显著提高。由于淬火道次之间搭接的原因,淬火层呈现波形分布,其中波谷马氏体含量高于波峰位置,因此其硬度明显高于波峰处。     

Mechanical,surface morphological and multi-objective optimization of tribological properties of V2O5 doped lead calcium titanate borosilicate glass ceramics

In the 55[(Pb_xCa_1−x).OTiO₂]-44[2SiO₂.B₂O₃]-1V₂O₅ system, various experimental studies were performed to obtain the mechanical and tribological properties of synthesized glass ceramics (GCs). The surface morphological study and elemental analysis were carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM) followed by EDAX. The tribological measurements were also performed; based on Taguchi's L₂₅ orthogonal array, considering different GC compositions, sliding speeds and loads. The signal to noise (S/N) ratio was used to identify the influencing parameters on minimizing wear coefficient (k) and coefficient of friction (COF). To improve the tribological properties, the modeling of output responses was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) that was being used for multi-objective optimization using a Pareto optimality approach i.e. Genetic Algorithm (GA). The experimentally achieved k and COF were compared with the earlier work that carried out by the authors for germanium (Ge) doped GC samples. It is observed that the various mechanical properties (Vickers hardness, 29 GPa, Young's modulus, 1808 MPa, and compressive strength, 221 MPa) improved significantly in comparison to the Ge doped GC samples. The improved mechanical and tribological properties of the synthesized GC can be used as a coating material for the structural alloys and machine tool slides in view of its effective wear and corrosion resistance.     

P91钢管道异常低硬度部位的组织和性能

对电厂运行过程中发现的P91钢主蒸汽管道的低硬度部位进行了微观组织观察、短时力学性能试验和高温持久强度试验,分析了其硬度偏低的原因。结果表明,低硬度区域P91钢组织为铁素体+析出物,位错密度较低,M₂₃C₆相在晶界处粗化聚集,同时析出新相Laves相,使得P91钢的短时力学性能和高温持久强度下降严重。     

淬火处理对轧辊用高硼高速钢组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、硬度计及MM-200磨损试验机,研究了淬火温度对轧辊用高硼高速钢显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,高硼高速钢的铸态组织由马氏体、铁素体、珠光体和沿晶界呈连续网状分布的共晶硼碳化物组成,共晶硼碳化物主要是M2B和M7(C,B)3;随着淬火温度的升高,基体全部转变成为马氏体,并有二次硼碳化物M23(C,B)6析出;高硼高速钢的硬度和耐磨性随着淬火温度的升高而明显增加,在1150℃淬火时硬度最高、耐磨性最好。     

355 MPa级转向架构架用钢连续冷却转变行为

高速动车组转向架构架对高速动车组的运行品质、行车安全起到至关重要的作用。为向355 MPa级转向架构架用钢的工业试制提供指导，在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上进行了热模拟试验，结合热膨胀法和金相-硬度法，绘制了355 MPa级转向架构架用钢动态连续冷却转变曲线，研究了试验钢在连续冷却条件下的显微组织演变规律。结果表明，冷速小于1 ℃/s时，其组织主要为多边形铁素体和珠光体；冷速大于5 ℃/s时，贝氏体类组织快速增加；冷速达到50 ℃/s时，为板条贝氏体组织。因此，对于355 MPa级转向架构架用钢，冷速控制在1~5 ℃/s较为适宜，其组织主要由比例适中软硬性相结合的铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体构成，可以获得优良的强韧性匹配。